Explore Anita Desais intensely evocative, descriptive style in Studies in the Park Essay Example for Free

Explore Anita Desais intensely evocative, descriptive style in Studies in the parking lot EssayAnita Desai is a beingness renowned, Indian novelist and short-story writer. Studies in the parking lot is merely one of her vast collection of short-stories, however, it is one of the most expressive stories, and it also conveys Anita Desais immensely communicative style of writing. Studies in the Park is set in the late 1970s, in contemporary India. It talks about a young boy, Suno, who is determined to do well in his exams that ar a few months away. He is frequently pressurised by his parents, to study hard, and do well. However he is constantly disturbed by the repeated noise, and cannot study. He decides to go to a nearby park, which turns out to be an ideal location for him to study. The pressure that is mounted on him slowly starts to rise as the exams approach, this in turn, results in him fair a workaholic eventually his whole life revolves around his studies. He then see s a life changing vision that completely transforms his perspective of life.Studies in the Park contains various descriptions, and images that enables the professedly message of the story to be brought out. The story begins with the line -Turn it off, turn it offWhat next, my god this line evidently depicts the irritability that Suno is experiencing. This example is a better case in which Desai uses a real evocative stream of consciousness to illustrate emotion. This story is written in first person, and because of this Anita Desai is able to express true emotion and sentiment, as shown in the example above. In the line So I raced out of my room, Anita Desai indicates that Suno, the lifter, is annoyed and cannot bear his surroundings any more(prenominal). This example is a common instance where Anita Desai utilises first person, to portray an emotion.Diction is an essential component of Anita Desais style of writing, she uses a diverse collection of words to indicate the precis e feeling that the protagonist is experiencing. For example, in the line rest of them standing and peering in the word peering is accurate as it portrays the curiosity and the nosiness of the brothers and sisters. Another example is in the line verbalize at him The word snarled, in this context, implies that Suno is very irritable and ill-tempered at this moment. The word is precise, and specific, and thus, it makes the line more communicative and expressive.Anita Desai uses imagery as well, at galore(postnominal) occasions, in an attempt to invoke vividness and clarity in the story. For example, in the line Bag-like women in grey and fawn saris with their sackcloth backs to the rails This description of the park is very clear and vivid, it is a description of one instant in the park it talks about the children falling, the women screaming and the madmen prancing.The description allows the reader to infer many expound about the park such as it is very active, there many people present there, etc. These sorts of descriptions are present all over the story, indeed it makes the story more understandable and suggestive. Desai also uses imagery to elaborate on one point, for example, the description The afternoons would be quietbazaars and slums This paragraph talks about the serenity and tranquility present in the park in the afternoons, and early evenings. Anita Desai stresses on this point with help of various images.The use of imagery and diction has been used extensively in the story. However it is most effective, when the protagonist experiences the vision, in which he realises the importance of the aspects of life. The line Just then she lifted her veilDivine, I felt, or insane indicates a bare-assed revelation that takes place in Sunos mind, and with the use of imagery Anita Desai is able to depict this more vividly. During this phase, Desai uses many similes to describe the lady in the epiphany, and hence depict the refreshful revelation. For examp le, in the line her borkha, like a flower This line compares the ladys face to a wax-white, lifeless flower that shows importance of health in life.Studies in the Park is very communicative and expressive there are various descriptions and accurate diction that are essential components in the story. These have made the story more understandable and comprehensible, thus the central theme and message of the story has been portrayed competently. Anita Desais descriptive writing style is extremely graphic and illustrative it focuses mainly on descriptions, images and precise diction to portray a particular point. Thus she has been able to depict the importance of everything in life health, religion, family and love.

Rates Of reaction Essay Example for Free

Rates Of chemical reaction EssayDuring this investigate I give be investigating if heating limestone and changing the concentration of the astringent lead affect the rate of reaction.Preliminary workBefore doing our main experiment, we bequeath produce to conduct another experiment, to see what concentration of acid we will have to function. We done this using 0.1M, 0.5M and 1M of Hydrochloric acid, and 0.1g of powdered limestone, we used powdered limestone, as it would be a true(p)er test, I think this as all the particles of limestone will be roughly the same size, the particles have a larger surface vault of heaven than cubed limestone, therefore it will react the quickest. If you were to use cubed limestone it wouldnt be fair as no cube will be exactly the same size. In conclusion to this experiment, 0.5M of acid was the outmatch to use as it had the best measurable reaction time.EquipmentThe equipment we will be using during this experiment is*Goggles (to protect the eyes from reactions)*Measuring cylinder (to posting out the acid)*Bunsen burner (to heat the acid to the right temperature)*Test tubes (to hold first experiment in)*Hydrochloric acid (the acid organism used)*Powdered limestone (the substance being used)*Triangular stand (to hold the Bunsen burner)*Timer (to time the reaction)*Thermometer (to record the temperature)DiagramPossible VariablesThe possible variable stars are*Temperature of acid- this will determine how quickly the reaction happens e.g. the limestone reacts faster or slower under a certain temperature. When the acid is heated, the particles gain*Amount of Hydrochloric acid used*Amount of limestone used*Surface area of limestone- this will determine how quickly the reaction will happen e.g. If the limestone is cubed or powdered*Concentration of acid- this will determine whether the limestone dissolves faster or slower.Input variableThe variable we have decided to change is the temperature as the question we are invest igating is whether changing the temperature of the acid will affect the rate of reaction.Input constantsDuring the experiment we will be keeping the amount of hydrochloric acid and limestone used the same because if we use different amounts for each temperature it fashion be a fair test, and we wont get the correct results weare wanting.We will also keep our apparatus the same e.g. the glass beakers, this is because if we have for example a 10cm wide beaker and a 15cm beaker and we use the same amount of acid and limestone, the results will be different as both mixtures have a either larger or smaller aloofness to react in.Output variablesDuring the experiment we will be recording the temperature at the beginning and end of each recording, the time taken for each recording, this will be repeated 3 times (the time taken), and the averages will be calculated for both the time taken and the temperature at the end of each reading.Method*for the first time I will set up my equipment, s hown in my diagram on the previous page I will then tie my hair stick out and put on the safety goggles to prevent myself from danger. I will then draw a table to record my results on.*I will tab key to see if anything is around that is able to set alight before lighting the Bunsen burner. When it is alight I will place the glass beaker on fall out of the wire rack containing the acid and thermometer*When the acid has heated to 20 degrees I will remove the beaker and put the powdered limestone in immediately, as soon as the limestone is in the beaker I will start the timer, when the reaction has finished I will stop the timer and write down the result onto the table. I will then take the temperature of the acid this will be the reading of the temperature at end. I will repeat this, another two times to make original its a fair test.*After the first temperature has been completed I will then do the 30 degrees reading, using the same method as preceding(prenominal)* After the sec ond temperature has been completed I will then do the 40degrees reading, using the same method as above* After the one-third temperature has been completed I will then do the 50 degrees reading, using the same method as above*Lastly I will do the 60 degrees reading, using the same method as above.Its important to repeat the experiment a number of times to make sure its a fair test, the more times you repeat it, the fairer the test is going to be. Another way for the test to be fair is to keep all the variables you will not be changing, the same. For example to keep the amount of acid and limestone used the same.PredictionIn this experiment, the theory involved is the collision theory .It is the theory that when the particles get heated, they gain energy, take shape off of each other more often, causing a faster reaction.In this investigation I will be investigating If heating the acid affects the rate of reaction.ResultsTemp at start (c) temp at end (c) bonnie temp (c) Reaction t ime (s) time 2 (s) time 3(s) Average time (s)

Labour Laws in India

Labour Laws in IndiaINTRODUCTIONLabor law is excessively known as the Employment Law. The Indian record provides basis of laws to bilk the callment in India. These laws are collectively known as the Labor Laws or the industrial Laws. In other words it is the ashes of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations.These set of laws provide the basis for any sort of interaction or mediation between the employers and the shell out unions. It defines the legal boundary of the rights of both the employers and the employees at the workplace.The labor laws widely cover the followinga. Industrial Relationsb. Health and Safety at Work betokenc. The standards which the employers should adhere to which let ins but is not limited to holidays, leaves, dismissals, minimum wage and the similar.This study is primarily based on the Industrial Relation aspect of the Labor Laws.If we smack into the his tory of labor laws we see that the need to formulate labor laws arose because of the employees demanding better working conditions and the simultaneous demands by the employers to restrict the powers of the employees in the organization. The employers feared that the trade unions whitethorn draw the industrial disputes and gain unsolicited political powers. The ILO or the International Labor Organization was the first official body to deal with these problems. It was established as an agency of the League of Nations following the Treaty of Versailles, which was an indication of the end of the World War I.Now we focus on the Industrial Relation aspect of the Labor Laws. Industrial Relations, as the name suggests primarily deals with the employees and the management which result directly or indirectly from the employer-employee relationship. It particularly deals with the relationship between the organization and a group of workers primarily known as the Trade Unions. It pertains t o the study of free collective bargaining, trade unionism, and the labor-management relationships.As per the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 Industrial Relations can be be as the relation between employer and employees, employees and employees and employees and trade unions.Labor relations can be realized at any level of the work place alike(p) the shop floor, regional level or at the national level.Few characteristics of Industrial Relationsa. It is non-existent if the parties involved i.e. trade union and the employer are absent.b. It may include both conflict and co-operations.c. It may cover important environmental issues like a countrys technology prowess, socio-political environment, economic environment etc.d. It incorporates the laws make by the government to govern the employer-employee relationship, awards of courts, and the interference patterns of the judiciary on the labor-management relations regulations.In reality the concepts involved in Industrial Relations come f rom a wide variety of fields ranging from disciplines like humanities, social sciences, behavioral sciences, laws etc.Industrial Relations in IndiaIn the pre-1991 era the conflicts and disputes in the organization were intercommunicate through excessive labor legislations. The laws were protective in nature and covered all the aspects of the workplace like layoffs, wage issues, incentives etc. In due movement of time it was realized that these laws were protective in nature and that they led to organizational inefficiency. With the advent of globalization the protective nature of these laws proved inadequate for the Indian manu featureuring to remain competitive as it was very rigid and did not allow the Indian manufacturers to compete in the global market.Post liberalization the laws favored the industrialists and they began schemes like employee decline and the voluntary retirement schemes. Thus we can distinctively notice that globalization brought some symbolic changes in th e Industrial Relations in India. They may be summed up briefly as followsa. Decentralization the collective bargaining in almost all the sectors.b. During an expansionary phase of the economy there is a paucity of able managers and skilled labor.c. The number of unions has increased significantly but their influence has diminished.d. In the banking sector, for example, some unions are putting up a united front.e. privileged Unions are being pushed by employers which essentially imply that no external affiliation is being sought for.f. Training and skill development are seen as an important part of work place.Aim of Industrial RelationsThe major aim of Industrial Relations is to safeguard the interest of the labors and the employees as a hearty by a sense of mutual agreement and understanding between the two parties. It helps to reduce conflicts and strife between the parties for a harmonious existence of the Indian industry. It also ensures that a high level of productivity is en sured. They also help to reduce the strikes, lock-outs and other forms of blockades by facilitating mutual understanding and consent. The Industrial Relations policies also ensure that an environment of Industrial Democracy is maintained for the benefit of the industry and the country as a whole. More government control in assign to regulate the sectors which are at loss so that public interest at large can be safeguarded. Socializations or rationalization of industries by do the state a major employer in itself.Ill Effects of Poor Industrial RelationsPoor industrial relations policies hinder the normal procedure of the industry thereby affecting the entire economy as a whole. It may be noted that the direct loss to a particular re puzzle may not be huge due a conflict but the cumulative loss to the economy is enormous. If we do not have a robust policy in place then there would be rigidity to change in this dynamic situation. As a matter of fact every employee works not only to earn but also to satisfy his egoistic and social needs. Poor industrial relations policies take a heavy toll on human behavior in terms of tension. Thus proper policies need to be in place to maintain cordiality and avoid social tension.Contract Labor in IndiaAn employee is called a prune laborer when he is hired through a contractor. They can be termed as indirect employees who are essentially hired, supervised and paid by a contractor. The contractor is paid in turn by the establishment who needs these contract laborers. However, contract laborers must not be employed when the work is perennial and will continue on a daily basis, when the work is enough to employ full time workers.The Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act came into being in 1970 and the Contract Labor Central Rules came into effect in the year 1971. The main objectives of these laws were to regulate the employment of Contract Laborers and to provide for its abolition under certain circumstances. The law lays certain rules and regulations with regard to hiring of contract labor, their wages, working conditions etc.As per the guidelines the law is relevant to any industry which engages more than 20 workers on a contract basis. The steps involved in hiring the contract labor areEnquiryOffers relative StatementNegotiationAward the ContractThe Act also has provisions that define certain amenities that need to be provided to the contract laborers. These may be the establishment of canteens, rest room arrangements, sufficient drinking water facilities, and first aid. It is to be noted that these amenities are made obligatory by the Act. If the contractor fails to pay the wages to the workers the Principal Employer is liable to make the payment. The system of contract labor has allowed firms tremendous flexibility to choose what is in their best interests. If it were not present companies would have to go for technological restructuring which in turn would mean less number of permanent e mployees.The Trade Unions however opposed this act as this meant reduction in permanent employment. Also, as the contract laborers belong to the weaker sections of the society they may be deprived of the benefits. The amount of time consumed in coordinating with the contractors and the sub-contractors would also be much more as compared to the regular employment.

Impact of Culture on Consumer Behaviour

Impact of finis on Consumer Behaviourmainland china is the fastest maturation and most dynamic economy and is becoming one of the most important markets in the world. With a total state of 1.3 billion and a Gross domestic Product (GDP) of US$10.2 trillion, china accounts for 12% of the worlds GDP. Luna Gupta (2001) observe that the key factors contributing to the signifi stopt economic growth in mainland China encompassIntegration into the planetary economies and export growthBeing the world manufacturing hubExpansion of Chinas domestic market and inland China growth andCommitment to the World Trade Organization (WTO).To surpass in China, the understanding of Chinese socialization is important. Culture is human activities and environment where sets of value and norms followed by a group of tidy sum with inherited ethical functions that ar symbolic, meaningful and identifiable whether abstract and material (Blackwell et al., 2007). It is to be noted that every form of th e tillage elements (materials, social institutions, beliefs and value systems, aesthetics and languages) nookynot be viewed singly as they are intricately intertwined as each has its synergistic effect with the other.The national culture of any country is rolld by its core set and is the parentage of long amount of mental programming (Hofstede, 1991 Banerjee, 2008). Therefore, it is imperative for marketers to better understand Chinese consumers deportment (Cui Liu, 2000 cream puff et al., 2009). The impact of national culture is derived and measured from Hofstedes ratio of Culture Individualism versus Collectivism Power Distance Masculinity versus Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance and semipermanent Orientation versus Short-term Orientation. National culture has considerable influence on consumer behaviour (Jaishankar, 1998 Banerjee, 2008) and is outer stimuli, influencing the diffusion of product across countries (Kumar et al., 1998 Banerjee, 2008).China being a large and complex society with 56 pagan groups each with its own culture and values, thither are una bid mindsets and values in different regions in China (Ralston et al., 1996 Zhou et al., 2009). It has thus been observed that China is a heterogeneous consumer market and not a homogeneous market (Dou et al., 2006 Zhou et al., 2009).Coastal regions of China pitch long been the gateway to the West through with(predicate) with(predicate) the import and export activities whilst the vast inland has tradition all toldy relied on agriculture with all related industries depended on the natural resources (Veek et al., 2007 Zhou et al., 2009). Therefore, there are dickens important heathenish differences between the two regions the residents from the coastal regions are more open, individualistic and innovative whereas the inland regions are more conservative and collectivistic (Cui Liu, 2000 Zheng, 2006 Zhou et al., 2009). The different regional subcultures are definitely reflected in the d ifferent patterns of consumers shopping behaviours. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand the influence of culture of the regions to avoid confounding the pagan dimension.Luna Gupta (2001) noted that culture affects consumer behaviour which reinforces the manifestation of culture. An individuals consumption behaviour is a result of the individual culture value system developed over time as they socialise in a particular group which is in turn influenced by regional sub-cultures and familial values. The first stage of understanding buyer behaviour is to focus on the factors that determine the buyer characteristics in the black box. These can be summarised as followsThe 7Ps of marketing Product, Price, Promotion, Place, Process, People and Physical Evidence shall be conceptualised and operationalised in a ethnically-sensitive environment. Such analysis on consumer behaviour provides to marketers the basic and underlying motives for consumption that helps in understanding the fu ndamental needs, wants and different forms of the consumers decision making variables.This constitution aims to review the impact of culture on the consumer behaviour in China focusing on three of the culture elements which are values, languages and aesthetics and how culture elements shape the purchasing patterns of the Chinese.2.0 The impact of values on consumer behaviour2.1 Definition of valuesValues can be defined as moral or victor standards of behaviour. Literally, it mover a set of emotional rules lot follow to help make the right decisions in life. It instils a soul of integrity, honesty and diligence in plurality. As radicaled by Rokeach, (1968, 1973) Tai, (2008), value is defined as an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct personally or socially preferable.2.2 Overview of Chinese valuesValues, attitudes, lifestyles and consumption patterns for the populate of China have been deeply influenced by their long historical and cultural traditions. It is theref ore important to have a comprehensive understanding of the significant aspects of Chinese cultural norms that have been shaped and formed mainly from interpersonal dealingships and social predilections of the Chinese people. Religion has been diffused throughout the society and the term religion- (zng-jio) did not even exist in the Chinese lexicon until the 19th century. It is senior high schoollighted that the above behavioural pattern has its origin from the excogitates of Confucius, whose doctrines pledge form the basic pillars of the Chinese life and ways of living (Bhasin, 2007 Qian, Abdur Razzaque Keng, 2007). Bhasin, (2007) alike recognised that Confucianism had the most profound and lasting effect on Chinese society, where it promoted harmony through moral tenets at all levels of human relationships, especially the family and nation.2.3 Values are regionalIndustrialisation which began on the coastal areas of China was unevenly spread and thence most of the inland reg ions were isolated from industrialisation. People in coastal regions with higher industrialisation levels have more interaction with imported products compare to the inland people and thus, adopt more western values. While Chinas coastal and inland regions share the same overall Chinese culture, they may also have their own classifiable values and norms (Huo Randall, 1991 Zhang, Grigoriou Li, 2008). As a result of that, coastal consumers are more individualistic compare to their inland counterparts which are more collectivistic.2.4 Core Chinese valuesUnderstanding basic cultural competence is important when doing business in China. The Chinese core values which affect the consumers behaviour are conversed below.Family and group orientationChinese society is do up of network of families with cultural values derived exclusively from the same. It strengthens the thought that the Chinese in general are collectivist. It is the family and kinship relations that pass on the heritage to the children and not the educational institutions (Qian, Abdur Razzaque Keng, 2007).Guanxi ( gun x)Literally consists of two Chinese characters guan refers to a gate or a hurdle, while xi means a tie. Taken together, guanxi means pass a gate or a hurdle and get connected (Ambler, 1994 Zhuang, Xi Tsang, 2010). It is an interactive behaviour or tie between two or more individuals that established the closeness of one relationship. The larger ones guanxi network is, the more the right way the person turn overs (Qian, Abdur Razzaque Keng, 2007).Renqing ( rn qng)Renqing is a social relationship concept according to an implicit set of rules. It can be interpreted as strain of resources, assistance or favour that one gives others and one should return the assistance given once the opportunity arises. Lee Dawes, (2005) Zhuang, Xi Tsang, (2010) explained that Renqing requires that, in a group, all members should help those in need and that all assistance or favours should be repaid . Those who do not repay assistance are considered untrustworthy. Renqing also can be termed as reciprocity.Mianzi ( min z)Mianzi can be directly translated as face. (Zhuang, Xi Tsang, 2010) indicated that one is given face when he or she is made to feel respected or important. The fact that saving face is so significant to the Chinese, a person is more concerned with other peoples perception of him or herself and with maintenance of his or her own status (Lee Green, 1991 Qian, Abdur Razzaque Keng, 2007). The strong notion of face saving to a certain extent discourages consumer from voicing their products dissatisfaction, where one loses face in front of others if no unconditional outcome from the complaint is obtained.Yuan ( yun)Yuan can be interpreted as karma or destiny. Chinese believe that there are predetermined things that are beyond ones control. Generally they have low expectations towards the purchased products and tend to attribute failure of the product to fate rath er than to the manufacturer.parsimonyThrift has been identified as one of the core Chinese values. Faure Fang (2008) recognised that thrift has a functional impact on social life. traditionalisticly, Chinese people would good deal over the price when buying goods (Faure Fang, 2008). Chinese in enlarged cities like Beijing and Shanghai put half of their annual per capita earnings into savings (Orr, 2004 Wang Lin, 2009).Traditional creedsTraditional creeds take place in Chinese society due to absence of faith and deep spirituality. The Chinese are characterised as extremely superstitious but not religious (Fang, 1999 Faure Fang, 2008). Chinese tend to believe in all sorts of supernatural powers that can intervene in their daily life (Faure, 2000 Pye, 1986 Faure Fang, 2008). star divination and geomancy (feng shui) are believed to have direct effect on life, from the date of birth to marriage or buying a new office to the choosing of the opening date.Long-term orientationTradit ionally, time is not a main concern for the Chinese. Faure Fang (2008) cited that time is perceived as an unlimited resource such as the air that people breathe. Companies and people could have a long term and continuous perspective about life and time. The long-term orientation relevant to the admit of consumer behaviour is exemplified with the habit of saving for the future by the Chinese and hence they may spend little on unnecessary items.The case of Procter Gambles Crest toothpaste which entered the Chinese market in 1997 with green tea flavoured toothpaste that built on the traditional Chinese belief that green tea is healthy and good for teeth, resulted in their revenues increased in China by 24% per year between 2002 and 2006 (Suessmuth-Dyckerhoff, Hexter St-Maurice, 2008). On the other hand Starbucks, despite having more than 400 coffee shops in China failed to recognise the cultural sensitivity of the Chinese when they opened an outlet inside Beijings Forbidden City. Starbucks represents low context culture and are not compatible with the refined taste of cultural legacy condensed in the Forbidden City (Han Zhang, 2009). As a result, the shop had to be closed down under tremendous public pressure.The examples presented clearly register that values do impact consumer behaviour in terms of consumption patterns, lifestyles and the priority of needs. Urbanisation and industrialisation do give some influences on the values but Chinese do not reckon to have given up its cultural characteristic, especially in deciding on a particular product. They tend to make judgments in the most traditional manner, thinking about issues of face, respect, trust and even guanxi. Thus, marketers need to engage in different approaches when dealing with the Chinese consumers with different value orientations.3. The impact of Languages3.1 Overview of Chinese LanguageChina official language is Mandarin or Putonghua (common language) where an estimate of around 80% of t he urban population in China use as their main language of communication (Zhou, 1999 Li, 2004) and there are also numerous major Chinese oral dialects as depicted in Table 3. The complexity of Chinese language is due to one of its attributes, which is a tonal language that relies on four distinct tones with 5 levels of pitch range (Chan Huang, 1997).Table 3 The Sinitic language (Han Chinese) as observed by Swanson, 1999, p.35Language is arguably the most distinct differences when it comes to culture. For Chinese as observed by Alon, Littrel Chan (2009), they associate written name with the long history of written communication in China and beautiful crafted characters can yield convinced(p) check perceptions. Due to the numerous dialects in different regions within China, communication within different regions are not fully understood, for example, Northern Chinese (who cover Mandarin) may not fully understand Southern Chinese (who speak Cantonese) and vice versa. This results in complications when it comes to making a universal Chinese branding scheme to market in China, and care must be taken when products brand names are being transliterated so that they will have autocratic cost to consumers.3.2 Standardised Written Chinese CharactersThe solution to unite language in China is the introduction of standardised Chinese writing to either Traditional (primarily after-school(prenominal) Mainland China) or Simplified (primarily within Mainland China). The Government officiated Simplified Chinese or pinyin in 1958, which relies on effort to Romanised the pronunciation of Chinese characters.Marketers have long adjudge the importance of localising their brand names, so that their brand names recall highly amongst Chinese consumers, as this is one of the best ways to attract attention. Coca cola transliterated its name to (k-ku-k-l) which means to allow the mouth to be able to rejoice is a clear example of localising brand name as indicated by Alon, Littr el Chan (2009). It can be further noted that in selecting brand names, it is essential that they are easy to remember, spell and pronounce (Li Shooshtari 2003 Alon, Littrel Chan, 2009). In a clear adherence to this, German automakers BMW can be transliterated to (bo m), meaning treasure horse and Mercedes Benz can be transliterated to (bn ch), meaning dashing speed. The knowledge of naming products which have meaningful phrases in China would ensure the acceptance and success in the Chinese market.3.3 Two-Syllable Brand NamesDue to the complexity of Chinese characters, the work of Alon, Littrel Chan (2009) noted that out of 9,400 morphemes which relate to one syllable, a combination of these morphemes, rather than individually used, created a 70% Chinese words comprising of two morphemes or syllables.Ideally, two-syllable brand names are preferred as they are easier to pronounce and remember (Chan Huang 2001 Alon, Littrel Chan, 2009). In the case of Coca Cola, when it was f irst launched in China in 1928, people called by its four syllables brand (k-ku-k-l) and as its popularity and acceptance grew, Chinese consumers started calling the brand by its two syllables as (k-l) as noted in the report of Chan Huang (2001). In the case of another popular soft drink, Sprite, it is a one-syllable brand that has been popularly known by its two-syllable name in China as (xu-b) which means snow-blue, which coincidentally also denotes coldness-related word which are very positive words in China for drinks (Chan Huang, 2001).3.4 phrase-Of-Mouth CommunicationChina is predominantly a high context culture country, whereby information on purchase decision is usually referred to family members and friends. With 67% of Chinese consumers rely on word-of-mouth communication to know about a new brand as observed by Nunes, et al. (2010), and Chinese consumers rate word-of-mouth communication seven times more credible than television set advertisements (Suessmuth-Dyckerh off, Hexter, St-Maurice, 2008).Online discussion on the internet is also an effective tool of word-of-mouth communication albeit in a different forum. This leads to companies launching internet campaigns like KFCs China website focusing on interactive discussion with a Chinese web portal, QQ.com which is accessible at kfc.qq.com (Alon, Littrel Chan, 2009).The role of language in consumer behaviour relies heavily on getting a meaningful name in brand naming. Cross cultural translation must be approached sensibly to better understand culture of China. This is often a difficult task as direct translation is not easily achievable due to the fact that Mandarin is radically different from Roman-alphabet-based language. However if done correctly, the combination of chosen Chinese characters can play an important role, thus able to communicate product attributes and benefits, traditional or current values, beliefs and customs (Fan, 2002 Alon, Littrel Chan, 2009).4. The impact of Aesthet ics on consumer behaviour 4.1 Definition of AestheticsAesthetics relate to beauty and what the senses feel, see, touch, smell and appreciate. Aesthetics are of particular beguile to the marketer because of their role in interpreting the symbolic meanings of various methods of artistic expression, colour and standards of beauty in each culture. The uniqueness of a culture can be spotted quickly in symbols having distinct meanings (Ghauri Cateora, 2006 p. 87).In the perspective of marketing and consumer behaviour the term aesthetics relate to the consumers five senses of vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell in response to an object and has a direct bearing on consumer behaviour. 4.2 The relevance of aesthetics for the Chinese MarketTo create an impact and succeed in China market and attract consumer by culturally adapting brand names to help the product become a success in China. Various industries need to take into consideration the Chinese rich culture.ColoursColour has signif icant value for the Chinese due to cultural superstition in terms of product countersign and package designs. The colour red (especially when combined with the colour gold) became a symbol of good luck and prosperity (Toronto Star Newspapers, Ltd., 2010), however the colour black is deemed to contract bad luck or symbolises death. LogosLogo perception and designs can lead to attraction or distraction for the Chinese Consumer. Brand name, symbols and designs should not fall apart the local culture. Logo designs and shapes indicate the following Even shapes like round and symmetrical signify prosperity, dynamism and harmony while uneven shapes indicate conflicts to the Chinese consumers.NumbersNumbers can be deemed to bring good or bad luck. Certain numbers such 8, 11 and 13 have positive connotation while 4 has been associated with bad luck in the Mandarin language (Fletcher, 2006). Good example for auspicious number 6, 8 and 9 like the official opening ceremony of the Beijing Oly mpics 2008 began at 8.00pm on 08/08/08 and non-auspicious numbers 1, 4 and 7 denote bad luck where pronunciation of Si in Mandarin refers to death.Long-term brand viability is more likely as design is not based on of the moment creativity, but rather strategically everlasting aesthetics that depict brand attitudes (Blumenthal, 2001). Henderson et al. (2003) suggest that the role of logo design in contributing to brand equity is of primary importance in less industrialized countries, when operating abroad, or in countries with logographic writing styles. India and China, for example, have diverse dialects, making language a significant barrier to communication. (Pittard, Ewing Jevons, 2007). Aesthetics and diligence to local Chinese customs is important for the success of international companies entering China. Consulting local Chinese experts to strategize market penetration in terms of aesthetics feeling at wording, logo, designs and meaning will further enhance their success t o Chinese consumers resulting in long term customer satisfaction. 4.3 Aesthetics and Brand Names prompt phone industry where the aesthetics and looks of the product is important to enhance customer satisfaction and long term commitment is a good example. In China, employment was done conducted to test the customer behaviour towards selected brands within the Chinese mobile phone market. The outcome indicates brand image influences Chinese consumer behaviour but the study is not conclusive as factors like language and location of study could limit the bigger picture. (Ogba Tan, 2009)Chinese consumers have readily embraced global brands such as Louis Vuitton, BMW, Nokia, Starbucks and McDonalds. Customisation and localisation are the key words in the strategies of foreign companies catering to the needs and preferences of Chinese consumers. (Euromonitor International from trade sources/national statistics, 2008).5. ConclusionThe impacts of culture on consumer behaviour from the pers pective of values, languages and aesthetics in China have been proven to be complex and challenging tasks to the global marketers. Thus, a thorough understanding of culture is a necessary ingredient in the development of effective marketing strategy (Yaprak, 2008).The result of rapid industrialization has prompted the emergence of consumer market and culture. Consumer preferences are also changing in tandem with higher disposable income, increased consumer information and wider product selections and distribution channels which highlights the emerging growth of hedonic consumption values. The impression of this is that the Chinese consumers are looking for more fun, gratification and pleasure in their consumption experience and it is found that hedonic values have a positive impact on the choice and consumption patterns of the Chinese consumers especially for brand consciousness and preference for foreign brands (Wang Lin, 2009).Although cultural characteristics in China often see m to be permanently enduring, a closer analysis reveals that cultural inclinations change from time to time since societies adopt and adapt to different lifestyles and priorities. This is due to the fact that individuals which shape a particular culture continuously alter their perceptions, attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours in light of societal and global changes. These perceptions, attitudes, values and behaviours are typified by the buying patterns of the Chinese.During the Mao era, the word sexy was completely forbidden from general use by the public. This is because a sexy attitude was held to be synonymous with shamelessness (Faure Fang, 2008) and the wearing of short fence in by women was banned. However, these days not only the Chinese media freely discuss and portray sexuality in its colourful variety but the Chinese people confidently flaunt their freedom of dressing with all sorts of skimpy fashion. The annual China Sex Culture Festival in Guangzhou exemplifies how open China has become and is a testament to a major cultural shift. It would not go out of context to highlight here that during the infamous Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), the Chinese were all wearing grey and green Mao uniforms and that the roads were all full with black bicycles as the famous mode of transportation. These images remain only in grainy black and white photographs of the yesteryears since these days the Chinese, at least in the coastal megacities like Shanghai and Guangzhou clad themselves in fashionable dresses and drive big imported cars.These examples show that the shift in value perception and attitudes do have their impact on the consumer behaviour in China in the sense that culture does evolve from time to time and its evolution alters the preference of the buying masses. Cultural evolutions must then be understood by the international marketers so as to develop relevant, suitable and effective marketing strategy in the Chinese markets.In conclusion, cul ture and its various core elements including values, languages and aesthetics must be seen in a constantly growing perspective. This is the reason why the understanding and appreciation of culture and its limitations in the context of consumer behaviour needs to be broadened. Culture must thus be viewed as a dynamic and holistic force that constantly shapes and reshapes its elements according to the variables of time. The ability of globalisation and modernisation in impacting the Chinese consumer values are almost limitless in its scope and intent. However, China seems to have never given up its single most important cultural characteristics, which is the ability to manage paradoxes (Faure Fang, 2008). Therefore, whilst certain aspects of the culture are still adhered to, other values closely associated with that same culture is slowly or rapidly losing ground.Word count = 3995

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The Central Dogma of Molecular BiologyThe molecule we know today as deoxyribonucleic vinegarish was first observed in 1869 by Swiss biologist Friedrich Miescher, who stumbled upon a substance which was resistant to protein digestion. At the time he referred to the molecule as nuclein (Pray, 2008). though Miescher remained in obscurity, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene continued work with this substance and in 1919 discovered the three major contributions of a nucleotide phosphate, sugar, and base. He noted that the sugar component was ribose for RNA and deoxyribose for desoxyribonucleic acid, and he proposed that nucleotides were made up of a chain of nucleic acids (Levene, 1919). He was largely correct, and in 1950 Erwin Chargaff, after reading a paper by Oswald Avery in which Avery identified the ingredient as the unit of hereditary material (Avery, 1944), set out to discover whether the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule differed among species. He found that although, in argument to Levenes proposal that nucleotides atomic way out 18 always repeated in the same order, nucleotides appear in different orders in different organisms, these molecules maintained certain characteristics. This led him to ready a set of rules (known as Chargaffs Rules) in which he states that the total number of purines (Adenine and Guanine) and the total number of pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine) are almost always equal in an organisms heritable material. In 1952 Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins commitd X-ray crystallography to capture the first image of the molecules shape, and in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick finally proposed the three dimensional model for desoxyribonucleic acid (Watson, 1953). The quad main tenants of their discovery still hold true today 1) DNA is a double-stranded scroll, 2) the majority of these helices are right-handed, 3) the helices are anti-parallel, and 4) the DNA base pairs inwardly the helix are joined by hydrogen bonding, and the bases lav hydrogen bond with other molecules such as proteins.The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, first proposed by Francis Crick (Crick, 1958), describes the directional processes of conversion from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein. This gene expression process starts with DNA, a double-stranded molecule consisting of base-paired nucleic acids adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thyroxin (T) on a sugar-phosphate backbone. This genetic material serves as the information storagefor life, a dictionary of sorts that provides all of the necessary tools for an organism to create the components of itself. During the process of arrangement, the DNA molecule is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries a specific instanceof the DNA instructions to the machinery that will make protein. Proteins are synthe surfaced during translation exploitation the mRNA molecule as a guide. Gene expression is a deterministic process during which each molecule is manufactured using the mathematical product of the forward step. The end result is a conversion from the genetic code into a functional unit which do-nothing be used to perform the work of the cell. As you can imagine, this process must be controlled by an organism in order to make efficient use of resources, respond to environmental changes, and differentiate cells within the body. Gene ruler, as it is sometimes called, occurs at all stages on the way from DNA to protein.Regulation falls into four categories 1) epigenetic (methylation of DNA or protein, acetylation), 2) transcriptional (involves proteins called transcription factors), 3) post-transcriptional (sequestration of RNA, alternating(a) splicing of mRNA, microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)), and 4) post-translational modification (phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, etc. of protein products). Epigenetic regulation of DNA involves a reversible, heritable change that does not alter the sequence itsel f. DNA methylation occurs on the nucleic acid cytosine. Arginine and lysine are the most commonly methylated amino acids. When proteins called histones) contain certain methylated symmetricalnesss, these proteins can repress or activate gene expression. Often this occurs on the transcriptional level, and thus prevents the cell from manufacturing messenger RNA (mRNA), the precursor to proteins. Proteins are often referred to as the workhorse of the cell and are responsible for everything from catalyzing chemical reactions to providing the structure blocks for skeletal muscles. Some proteins, called transcription factors), help to up- or down-regulate gene expression levels. These proteins can act alone or in conjunction with other transcription factors and bind to DNA bases near gene coding regions.This is a general schema for gene expression. DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of base-paired nucleic acids A, C, G, and T on a sugar-phosphate backbone and is used as inform ation storage. mRNA is made during transcription and carries a specific instance of the DNA instructions to the machinery that will make the protein. Proteins are synthesized during translation using the information in mRNA as a template. This is a deterministic process during which each molecule is manufactured using the product of the previous step. mRNA requires a 5 cap and a 3 poly(A) tail in order to be exported out of the nucleus. The cap is critical for knowledge by the ribosome and protection from enzymes called RNases that will break down the molecule. The poly(A) tail and the protein bound to it aid in protecting mRNA from degradation by other enzymes called exonucleases.What can be gained by studying gene regulation? In general, it allows us to understand how an organism evolves and develops, both on a local scale (Choe, 2006,Wilson, 2008), and on a more than global ne twork level. There are, however, more specific reasons to investigate this process more closely. Failu re in gene regulation has been shown to be a key factor in illness (Stranger, 2007). Additionally, learning how to interrupt gene regulation may lead to the development of drugs to fight bacteria and viruses (McCauley, 2008). A clearer understanding of this process in microorganisms may lead to possible solutions to the problem of antimicrobial resistance (Courvalin, 2005).There are two major factors that motivate the studies herein. Firstly, the size and quality of biological data sets has increased dramatically in the last several years. This is due to high-throughput experimental techniques and technology, both of which have provided large amounts of interaction data, along with X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments which have given us the solved three-dimensional structure of proteins. Secondly, machine learning has become an increasingly best-selling(predicate) tool in bioinformatics research because it allows for more sound gene and protein a nnotation without relying solely on sequence similarity. If a collection of attributes which distinguish between two classes of proteins can be assembled, function can be predicted.In this work we focus mainly on regulation at the transcriptional level and the components which play a commanding role in this operation. So-called nucleic acid-binding (NA-binding) proteins, which includes transcription factors, are bear on in this and many other cellular processes. Disruption or malfunction of transcriptional regulation may result in disease. We identify these proteins from representative data sets which include many categories of proteins. Additionally, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms, we predict the specific residues involved in nucleic acid binding using machine learning algorithms. Identification of these residues can provide practical assistance in the functional annotation of NA-binding proteins. These farsightednesss can also be used to expedite mutagenesis ex periments, guiding researchers to the correct binding residues in these proteins.Toward the ultimate goal of attaining a deeper understanding of how nucleic acid-binding proteins facilitate the regulation of gene expression within the cell, the research described here focuses on three particular aspects of this problem. We begin by examining the nucleic acid-binding proteins themselves, both on the protein and residue levels. Next, we turn our fear toward protein binding sites on DNA molecules and a particular type of modification of DNA that can affect protein binding. We then take a global billet and study human molecular networks in the context of disease, focusing on regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks. We chinkk the number of partnership interactions between transcription factors and how it scales with the number of target genes regulated. In several model organisms, we find that the distribution of the number of partners vs. the number of target genes appea rs to follow an exponential saturation deviate. We also find that our fat transcriptional network model follows a similar distribution in this comparison. We show that cancer- and other disease- relate genes preferentially occupy particular positions in conserved motifs and find that more ubiquitously expressed disease genes have more disease associations. We also predict disease genes in the protein-protein interaction network with 79% area under the ROC curve (AUC) using ADTree, which identifies important attributes for prediction such as degree and disease neighbor ratio. Finally, we create a co-occurrence matrix for 1854 diseases based on shared gene uniqueness and find both previously known and potentially undiscovered disease relationships.The goal for this project is to predict nucleic acid-binding on both the protein and residue levels using machine learning. Both sequence- and structure-based features are used to distinguish nucleic acid-binding proteins from non-binding proteins, and nucleic acid-binding residues from non-binding residues. A novel application of a costing algorithm is used for residue-level binding prediction in order to achieve high, balanced accuracy when working with imbalanced data sets.During the past few decades, the amount of biological data available for summary has grown exponentially. Along with this vast amount of information comes the challenge to make sense of it all. One subject of immediate concern to us as globe is health and disease. Why do we get sick, and how? Where do our bodies fail on a molecular level in order for this to happen? How are diseases related to each other, and do they have similar modes of action? These questions will require many researchers from multiple disciplines to answer, but where do we start? We take a bioinformatics get down and examine disease genes in a network context. In this chapter we analyze human disease and its relationship to two molecular networks. First, we find conserve d motifs in the human transcription factor network and identify the location of disease- and cancer-related genes within these structures. We find that both cancer and disease genes occupy certain positions more frequently. Next, we examine the human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network as it relates to disease. We find that we are able to predict disease genes with 79% AUC using ADTree with 10 topological features. Additionally, we find that a confederacy of several network characteristics including degree centrality and disease neighbor ratio help distinguish between these two classes. Furthermore, an alternating decision tree (ADTree) classifier allows us to see which combinations of strongly predictive attributes contribute most to protein-disease classification. Finally, we build a matrix of diseases based on shared genes. Instead of using the raw count of genes, we use a uniqueness) score for each disease gene that relates to the number of diseases with which a gene is i nvolved. We show several interesting examples of disease relationships for which there is some clinical evidence and some for which the information is lacking. We believe this matrix will be useful in finding relationships between diseases with very different phenotypes, or for those disease connections which may not be obvious. It could also be helpful in identifying new potential drug targets through drug repositioning.

The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging Essay -- Science Scientific Essay

The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging I lost my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is exceedingly common. Many people relate old age with breathing out of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that age seems to go snuff it in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as 1 reaches old age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a privation of neuronal loss in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neurons may occur in degenerative disorders, much(preno minal) as Alzheimers, but non in healthy brains. However, it remains true that slightly aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such as short term and long term memory. Since these effects are not caused by a decrease in the number of neurons present, there moldiness be another neurobiological explanation. In order to understand memory loss it is unavoidable to understand how memory works in a mean(prenominal) brain without any cognitive deficits. Memory can be separated into three searching parts working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory (1). working(a) memory is the most short term, and it involves repeating something that someone has just said in talk or remembering something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become fully sto... ...mplex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf4)Nadel and Moscovitch. Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex..http//psych.wisc.edu/po stlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf5) The Symptoms of Alzheimers. .http//www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html6) Greenwood. .http//sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html7) Alzheimers secondary coil Victims. .http//sites.unc.edu/error.html8)Alipoprotein E. .http//home.mira.net/dhs/apoe.html9) Determining the Cause of Memory Loss in the aged .http//www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm10)Stress tied to Memory Loss .http//www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http//www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging evidence -- Science Scientific EssayThe Neurobiology of Memory and Aging I lost my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other ne urobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a lack of neuronal loss in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neurons may occur in degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers, but not in healthy brains. However, it remains true that some aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such as short term and long term memory. Since these effects are not caused by a decrease in the number of neurons present, there must be another neurobiological explanation. In order to understand memory loss it is necessary to understand how memory works in a normal brain without any cognitive deficits. Memory can be separated into three distinct parts working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory (1). Working memory is the most short term, and it involves repeating something that someone has just said in conversation or remembering something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become fully sto... ...mplex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf4)Nadel and Moscovitch. Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf5) The Symptoms of Alzheimers. .http//www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html6) Greenwood. .http//sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html7) Alzheimers Secondary Victims. .http//sites.unc.edu/error.html8)Alipoprotein E. .http//home.mira.net/dhs/apoe.html9) Determining the Cause of Memory Loss in the Elderly .http//www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm10)Stress tied to Memory Loss .http//www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http//www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm

Analisis Of The Poem Dreamers :: essays research papers

DreamersDreamers is a WWI poem that is round the soldiers rather than thewar itself, the message of the poem is that soldiers although viewed as hatedkillers that kill stark victims the poem expresses the fact that the soldiers ar just like the normal somebody, the poem also consists of many thoughtsand doesnt single out one side or another this shows that is was probablywritten by a observer of the war or someone that was directly involved in thewar itself.The original two makes of the poem sign is a great display of what peoplemake soldiers out the be and what a normal citizen pictures them asCitizens of Deaths gray land a typical view of a solider that is fighting in awar is a bringer of death and some one who does not think twice aboutkilling someone, but it is quickly countered buy telling the reader thatalthough they are deaths soldiers they are not free from deaths portentous graspthem selves and gain nothing from the fighting.The act two lines are a dramatic turn stat ing that as soldiers thestand starring destiny in the face to face, but is again dark as the thoughtof the solider is that he isnt think ing about death but is thinking aboutfeuds, jealousies ,and sorrows, not exactly like a normal person but showsthat they are like normal people in the sense that they care about whatthey have done.The Third two lines are like the first talking about what a soldiers issupposed to do followed but a dramatic line that shows that they as peopleare not invisible, the first line states the soldiers are supposed to win givingthem a heavy burden that rest dead on there shoulders, but is yet againturned around by the fact the writer lets us know that some come out inbody bags and some come out with the fatal climax which is that theyhave to go fight a war that they dont wish to be a part of.The fourth two lines are the second most powerful in the poem, itshows that the soldiers who are fighting are dreamers when the guns beginto fire, and the dream of the things that most people take for grantit like a prompt home, clean beds and there beautiful wives which are left at therehomes.The next four lines tell of the horrors that the soldiers induer such astrenches that are plagued with rats and that are inundate with rain and are